Bodies and debris have been carried far from the crash site by tides -- requiring searchers to cover more than 400 square miles of ocean -- and large sections of the 747 jetliner have sunk more than 100 feet, likely with many of the missing bodies inside. "[58], Many internet users responded to the incident; the resulting web traffic set records for internet activity at the time. "[1]:237 The interviews conducted by the FBI focused on the possibility of a missile attack; suggested interview questions given to FBI agents such as "Where was the sun in relation to the aircraft and the missile launch point?" CAPTION: A flower shop sign on Highway 25 outside East Moriches carries sentiments felt by many along the south shore of Long Island, closest land to crash site. Funds for the memorial were raised by the Families of TWA Flight 800 Association. N93119, the aircraft involved in the accident, in May 1995. Flight that exploded and crashed in 1996 off the coast of New York, The reconstructed wreckage of TWA 800, stored at. They ask whether they smoked, since teeth would reflect tobacco stains, and whether they had moles and where. The certification of the Boeing 747 with heat sources located beneath the CWT with no means to reduce the heat transferred into the CWT or to render the fuel tank vapor noncombustible, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 07:17. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. [1]:3 [An] explosion of the center wing fuel tank (CWT), resulting from ignition of the flammable fuel/air mixture in the tank. Death On Flight 800. The new statutory language and the MOU have improved coordination between the NTSB and FBI since the TWA flight 800 accident. [9], The accident airplane, registration N93119 (a Boeing 747-131), was manufactured by Boeing in July 1971; it had been ordered by Eastern Air Lines, but after Eastern cancelled its 747 orders, the plane was purchased new by Trans World Airlines. The FBI conducted an investigation into the crash to determine if terrorist action was involved in the tragedy; no such action was found in our investigation. Victims and wreckage were recovered by scuba divers and ROVs; later scallop trawlers were used to recover wreckage embedded in the sea floor. Dale Russakoff is the author of "The Prize," published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. TWA Flight 800 was en route from New York to Paris when it exploded over Long Island Sound minutes after takeoff. [1]:256, Investigators considered several possible causes for the structural breakup - structural failure and decompression, detonation of a high-energy explosive device, such as a missile warhead exploding either upon impact with the airplane, or just before impact, a bomb exploding inside the airplane, or a fuel-air explosion in the center wing fuel tank. And no one is very comfortable going there, so close to the place where that happened, and just sitting and relaxing and playing volleyball." The board determined that the probable cause of the TWA 800 accident was:[1]:308. [2][3][4] Consequently, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and New York Police Department Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) initiated a parallel criminal investigation. To me, it is impossible for secrets like this to be kept secret very long.. Vacationer Joanne Bechhoff canceled a birthday party she had booked for tonight on the sandy volleyball court at the water's edge because she said she simply could not bear to be in a place so closely linked to such a huge tragedy. The FBI may still conduct a criminal investigation, but the NTSB investigation has priority. A safety board investigator later reviewed FBI interview notes and briefed other board investigators on their contents. However, I think the most compelling reason to say it was not shot down is that no one has ever claimed responsibility for any act against the plane. Dr. Charles V. Wetli, the Suffolk County Medical. Purvis says while four years is a long time for an investigation, its not outside the accepted bounds. Behind drawn shades in the autopsy rooms of the Suffolk . Minutes after its take off from New Yorks Kennedy International Airport, a Boeing 747 headed for Paris exploded midair over the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Long Island on July 17, 1996, leaving all 230 people aboard dead. "[41]:4 Meanwhile, the NTSB was required to refute or play down speculation about conclusions and evidence, frequently supplied to reporters by law enforcement officials and politicians. [59], The wreckage was moved to an NTSB facility in Ashburn, Virginia, that was custom-built for the purpose. [1]:262 These witness accounts were a major reason for the initiation and duration of the FBI's criminal investigation. Following its final report on the crash, the National Transportation Safety Board issued several safety recommendations including regular maintenance programs and design standards for fuel tanks. [1]:290 Finally, the CWT fuel quantity gauge was recovered and indicated 640pounds instead of the 300pounds that had been loaded into that tank. Below is a list of those on board, according to family, friends or officials . "You get a little used to it," he said. [51]:5 In all cases, the witnesses could not be describing a missile approaching an intact aircraft, as the plane had already exploded before their observations began. From that investigation we issued safety recommendations that fundamentally changed the way aircraft are designed.. [1]:264, The NTSB concluded, "the witness observations of a streak of light were not related to a missile and that the streak of light reported by most of these witnesses was burning fuel from the accident airplane in crippled flight during some portion of the postexplosion, preimpact breakup sequence". It's no more emotionally stressful than a doctor who deals every day with childhood leukemia. [1]:xvi Problems with the aircraft's wiring were found, including evidence of arcing in the fuel quantity indication system (FQIS) wiring that enters the tank. [66] After the TWA flight 800 investigation, the NTSB recognized the need for better clarity. What many thought was a missile was actually the death throes of an airplane that briefly went up before it, sadly and inevitably, went down, Oakley says. According to Oakley, the 25 years following the tragic Flight 800 crash have included the safest years in U.S. commercial aviation history. The report on passenger Susan Hill, a homicide. [1]:273274 Since none of the recovered CWT wreckage exhibited these damage characteristics, and none of the areas of missing wreckage was large enough to encompass all the expected damage, the investigation concluded that this scenario was "very unlikely". [56] In 2014, the NTSB declined the petition to reopen the investigation. [15]:4[16][17] The last recorded radar transponder return from the airplane was recorded by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) radar site at Trevose, Pennsylvania, at 8:31:12pm. All Rights Reserved. On July 7, 2021, 25 years following the crash, the NTSB will decommission the wreckage, which will be destroyed by the end of 2022. [1]:273, Similarly, the investigation considered the possibility that a small explosive charge placed on the CWT could have been the ignition source. But Wetli added: "We see Quincy' on TV, and he identifies people very quickly. . [1]:256257, Close examination of the wreckage revealed no evidence of structural faults such as fatigue, corrosion, or mechanical damage that could have caused the in-flight breakup. [1]:93 None of these sequences intersected TWA 800's position at any time, either. could have biased interviewees' responses in some cases. Dr. Wetli began releasing them this week, saying the families had to contact him in writing to obtain the documents. In addition, it restricts lawyers and other parties from contacting family members within 30 days of the accident. They reported their sighting to the tower at Suffolk County Airport. [1]:100 The Sequencing Group concluded that the first event in the breakup sequence was a fracture in the wing center section of the aircraft, caused by an "overpressure event" in the center wing fuel tank (CWT). "It's never very pleasant when you're in this field and you have to autopsy someone you know," said Suffolk County Medical Examiner Charles Wetli. The spacecraft was exposed to re-entry temperatures of 3,000 degrees while traveling at 12,500 mph, or 18 times the speed of sound. A U.S. government inquiry determined that a mixture of fuel and air had ignited accidentally within a fuel tank . However, because of the previous maintenance undertaken on engine #3, the flight crew only started engines #1, #2, and #4. First, the time it took to isolate the circumstances that caused a very rare eventthe center fuel tank explosion, which, he adds, had never occurred with a 747. [49]:34, Fire damage and soot deposits on the recovered wreckage indicated that some areas of fire existed on the airplane as it continued in crippled flight after the loss of the forward fuselage. So losing Flight 800 to an in-flight explosion of another kind was a very rare event indeed.. Hundreds of witnesses saw the plane explode from . [7][8] The report's conclusion was that the probable cause of the accident was explosion of flammable fuel vapors in the center fuel tank. The aircraft was refueled, and a crew change was made; the new flight crew consisted of 58-year-old Captain Ralph G. Kevorkian (who had flown for TWA for 31 years and the U.S. Air Force for 9 years), 57-year-old Captain/Check Airman Steven E. Snyder (who had flown for TWA for 32 years), and 63-year-old Flight Engineer/Check Airman Richard G. Campbell Jr. (who had flown for TWA for 30 years and the U.S. Air Force for 12 years), as well as 25-year-old flight engineer trainee Oliver Krick (who previously served as a business pilot for 4 years), who had flown for TWA for 26 days and was starting the sixth leg of his initial operating experience training. The . This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Transportation Safety Board. [1]:261 There were 50USgal (190L) of fuel in the CWT of TWA 800;[50] tests recreating the conditions of the flight showed the combination of liquid fuel and fuel-air vapor to be flammable. [63] The NTSB had first recommended such a rule just five months after the incident and 33 years after a similar recommendation issued by the Civil Aeronautics Board Bureau of Safety on December 17, 1963, nine days after the crash of Pan Am Flight 214. It takes a great deal of time and high-tech detective work to piece together the often seemingly disparate events in flight which, together lead up to a major accident., Oakley says the length of the Flight 800 investigation was due to a couple factors. They even have been attending to each other, conducting trauma "debriefings" at the end of every long day to relieve stress. [19], On board TWA 800 were 230 people, including 18 crew and 20 off-duty employees,[20] most of whom were crew meant to cover the Paris-Rome leg of the flight. July 22, 1996 12 AM PT. EDT, 12 minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport, on a scheduled international passenger flight to Rome, with a stopover in Paris. It was one of many moments since the crash of TWA Flight 800 when personal feelings intruded on the practiced professionalism of disaster workers. Expressing frustration at the NTSB's unwillingness to speculate on a cause, one FBI agent described the NTSB as "No opinions. Head, thoracic, and abdominal injuries were multiple and severe, contributing to the mortality of the occupants. Speculation fueled theories that a terrorist act had caused the crash that killed the 230 on board, but an investigation later concluded it was a tragic mechanical error. Trans World Airlines Flight 800 (TWA800) was a Boeing 747-100 that exploded and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York, on July 17, 1996, at about 8:31pm. [1]:257 The NTSB concluded that "the in-flight breakup of TWA flight 800 was not initiated by a pre-existing condition resulting in a structural failure and decompression. Pathologists are meeting daily with family members, conducting interviews about minute details of the victims' bodies to help determine who is who. [34]:1[35]:34 This hotel became known as the "Heartbreak Hotel" for its role in handling families of victims of several airliner crashes. Analysis revealed that the severity of injury and anatomic injury pattern did not generally correlate with seating position or structural damage. With todays very sophisticated weather radar and stringent rules for avoiding potentially dangerous weather this virtually never occurs, Oakley says. Medical investigators were holding up remarkably well as they went about their gruesome work -- opening body bags, removing corpses, examining them in painstaking detail -- when a forensic dentist looked up from one of the bodies and told his colleagues: "I know this person.". Evidence of arcing was found in a wire bundle that included FQIS wiring connecting to the center wing tank. The FBI's earliest investigations and interviews, later used by the NTSB, were performed under the assumption of a missile attack, a fact noted in the NTSB's final report. This authority includes interviewing witnesses. On June 19, 2013, the NTSB acknowledged in a press release that they received a petition for reconsideration of its investigation into the July 17, 1996, crash of TWA Flight 800. [1]:93 Military records examined by the NTSB showed no military surface vessels within 15 nautical miles (28km; 17mi) of TWA800 at the time of the accident. The aircraft had completed 16,869 flights with 93,303 hours of operation and was powered by four Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7AH turbofan engines. "It's a matter of sensitivity," she said. [51]:2 CIA analysts, relying on sound-propagation analysis, concluded that the witnesses could not be describing a missile approaching an intact aircraft, but were seeing a trail of burning fuel coming from the aircraft after the initial explosion. According to commercial aviation historian Shea Oakley, NTSB investigations are almost never short-term affairs. [44]:10 Because of time that had elapsed (about 21 months) before the NTSB received information about the identity of the witnesses, the witness group chose not to reinterview the witnesses, but instead to rely on the original summaries of witness statements written by FBI agents as the best available evidence of the observations initially reported by the witnesses. John Purvis, head of the accident investigation unit for the Boeing Company at the time of the event, says airplane explosions are quite rare, in part due to security measures and equipment improvement. 22a, p. 66, Wreckage found in each zone corresponded to specific areas of the aircraft[1]:fig. The date on the photograph shows as May 20, 1997. The NTSB concluded, "the ignition energy for the CWT explosion most likely entered the CWT through the FQIS wiring. [1]:9596 Hundreds of simulations were run using various combinations of possible times the nose of TWA 800 separated (the exact time was unknown), different models of the behavior of the crippled aircraft (the aerodynamic properties of the aircraft without its nose could only be estimated), and longitudinal radar data (the recorded radar tracks of the east/west position of TWA 800 from various sites differed). [1]:93 In addition, the records indicated that the closest area scheduled for military use, warning area W-387A/B, was 160 nautical miles (296km; 184mi) south. TWA Flight 800 crashed eight miles off the coast of Long Island at dusk on a clear summer night. January 3, 1997. Maintenance records indicate that the aircraft had numerous VSO-related maintenance writeups in the weeks before the accident. [1]:367 The cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder were recovered by U.S. Navy divers one week after the accident; they were immediately shipped to the NTSB laboratory in Washington, DC, for readout. They had just announced a booming quarterly earnings report, increasing revenues more than 12% to almost $1 billion, including. [41]:1 The FBI, from the start assuming that a criminal act had occurred,[41]:3 saw the NTSB as indecisive. "You don't want anybody to onion.". [specify] The agencies lacked a detailed protocol describing which agency should take the lead when whether an event was an accident or a criminal act was initially unclear. So far, most of the recovered bodies that pathologists are examining have been "relatively intact," said Wetli, but he emphasized that "relative" is itself a relative term. Various civilian, military, and police vessels reached the crash site and searched for survivors within minutes of the initial water impact, but found none,[1]:86 making TWA 800 the second-deadliest aircraft accident in United States history at that time. The NTSB was never able to pin-point the precise cause, but it was clear that it was from within the tank.. [44]:78, In February 1998, the FBI, having closed its active investigation, agreed to fully release the witness summaries to the NTSB. [1]:309312 Among the recommendations was that significant consideration should be given to the development of modifications such as nitrogen-inerting systems for new airplane designs, and where feasible, for existing airplanes. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), side-scan sonar, and laser line-scanning equipment were used to search for and investigate underwater debris fields. "[1]:265 Regarding these differing accounts, the NTSB noted that based on their experience in previous investigations "witness reports are often inconsistent with the known facts or with other witnesses' reports of the same events. ''They are very cold, chilling documents,'' he said. No nothing. HAUPPAUGE, New York (CNN) -- The Suffolk County medical examiner has released the first autopsy report on the victims from TWA Flight 800. [1]:229, Examination of the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) and flight data recorder data showed a normal takeoff and climb,[15]:4 with the aircraft in normal flight[46]:2 before both abruptly stopped at 8:31:12pm. [1]:270, To determine what ignited the flammable fuel-air vapor in the CWT and caused the explosion, the NTSB evaluated numerous potential ignition sources. Results: All 230 passengers of TWA Flight 800 were recovered as fatalities. [1]:274, The NTSB also investigated whether the fuel-air mixture in the CWT could have been ignited by lightning strike, meteor strike, auto ignition or hot surface ignition, a fire migrating to the CWT from another fuel tank via the vent system, an uncontained engine failure, a turbine burst in the air conditioning packs beneath the CWT, a malfunctioning CWT jettison/override pump, a malfunctioning CWT scavenger pump, or static electricity. ")[1]:230 The NTSB witness group concluded that the streak of light reported by witnesses might have been the actual airplane during some stage of its flight before the fireball developed, noting that most of the 258 streak-of-light accounts were generally consistent with the calculated flightpath of the accident airplane after the CWT explosion. TWA's senior management had spent Wednesday celebrating in London. By 2021, the methods taught using the wreckage were determined to no longer be relevant to modern accident investigation, which by then relied heavily on new technology, including three-dimensional laser-scanning techniques. [44]:5 Witnesses were not asked to review or correct the summaries. ``I don't think anybody was conscious as they fell from 13,000 feet to the water. [24][25], The NTSB was notified about 8:50pm the day of the accident; a full "go team" was assembled in Washington, DC, and arrived on scene early the next morning. Dr. Wetli said he had delayed releasing the documents because the crash was potentially a criminal case and he did not want to do anything to jeopardize the investigation. The elimination of the possibility of any reoccurrence of the same kind of incident is virtually always the fruit of an extensive accident investigation, and this one was certainly about as extensive as humanly possible.. To report an incident/accident or if you are a public safety agency, please call 1-844-373-9922 or 202-314-6290 to speak to a Watch Officer . First autopsy report released from TWA 800 crash - January 3, 1997. [5] Sixteen months later, the JTTF announced that no evidence of a criminal act had been found and closed its active investigation. [1]:256, At the start of FBI's investigation, because of the possibility that international terrorists might have been involved, assistance was requested from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Anyone can read what you share. The flight departed at 8:19 p.m. in muggy, but "fairly clear" weather, according to The New York Times, blowing apart in a fiery explosion 12 minutes later. [1]:259, Although it was unable to determine the exact source of the trace amounts of explosive residue found on the wreckage, the lack of any other corroborating evidence associated with a high-energy explosion led the NTSB to conclude, "the in-flight breakup of TWA flight 800 was not initiated by a bomb or missile strike. TWA800 was behind the target, and with the likely forward-looking perspective of the target's occupant(s), the occupants would not have been in a position to observe the aircraft's breakup or subsequent explosions or fireball(s). [1]:313 Meanwhile, initial witness descriptions led many to believe the cause of the crash was a bomb or surface-to-air missile attack. Fuel-air explosion in the center wing fuel tank, In-flight breakup sequence and crippled flight, Analysis of reported witness observations, Possible ignition sources of the center wing fuel tank, Missile fragment or small explosive charge. 22c, p. 68, Recovery locations of the wreckage from the ocean (the red, yellow, and green zones) clearly indicated: (1) the red area pieces (from the forward portion of the wing center section and a ring of fuselage directly in front) were the earliest pieces to separate from the airplane; (2) the forward fuselage section departed simultaneously with or shortly after the red area pieces, landing relatively intact in the yellow zone; (3) the green area pieces (wings and the aft portion of the fuselage) remained intact for a period after the separation of the forward fuselage, and impacted the water in the green zone. [1]:109 After about 34 seconds (based on information from witness documents), the outer portions of both the right and left wings failed. [32]:2, Relatives of TWA 800 passengers and crew, as well as the media, gathered at the Ramada Plaza JFK Hotel. [1]:93, The NTSB reviewed the 30-knot target track to try to determine why it did not divert from its course and proceed to the area where the TWA800 wreckage had fallen. "[1]:259, To evaluate the sequence of structural breakup of the airplane, the NTSB formed the Sequencing Group,[1]:100 which examined individual pieces of the recovered structure, two-dimensional reconstructions or layouts of sections of the airplane, and various-sized three-dimensional reconstructions of portions of the airplane. [1]:256 This, together with the distribution of wreckage and witness reports, all indicated a sudden catastrophic in-flight breakup of TWA 800. [62], On July 18, 2008, the U.S secretary of transportation visited the facility and announced a final rule designed to prevent accidents caused by fuel-tank explosions. 1. [1]:230 Despite the two and a half years that had elapsed since the accident, the witness group did interview the captain of Eastwind Airlines Flight 507, who was the first to report the explosion of TWA 800, because of his vantage point and experience as an airline pilot. [32]:2, With lines of authority unclear, differences in agendas and culture between the FBI and NTSB resulted in discord. He says fatal incidents tend to occur when an airplane is unintentionally flown into violent weather, usually a thunderstorm or, very rarely, some form of severe clear air turbulence (CAT). [1]:58 The victims' remains were transported to the Suffolk County Medical Examiner's Office in Hauppauge, New York. 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