[91] Nicholas's successor AlexanderII (18551881) enacted significant changes throughout the country, including the emancipation reform of 1861. ", "Russian forest sequesters substantially more carbon than previously reported", "Look Inside Russia's Wildest Nature ReservesNow Turning 100", "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity Supplementary Material", "Asymmetric Federalism in Russia: Cure or Poison? [279] Russia maintains cordial relations with Iran, as it is a strategic and economic ally. Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. [372] It was also the world's first country to develop civilian nuclear power, and to construct the world's first nuclear power plant. [428] Russia is famed worldwide for its rich museums, such as the State Russian, the State Hermitage, and the Tretyakov Gallery; and for theatres such as the Bolshoi and the Mariinsky. [540] In early 20th-century, Russian neoclassical revival became a trend. [162] In August 1991, a coup d'tat attempt by members of Gorbachev's government, directed against Gorbachev and aimed at preserving the Soviet Union, instead led to the end of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. It is one of four living East Slavic languages,[h] and is also a part of the larger Balto-Slavic languages. [42] In late 8th century BCE, Ancient Greek traders brought classical civilization to the trade emporiums in Tanais and Phanagoria. The Russian-imposed governor of Sevastopol, Mikhail Razvozhayev, has posted to Telegram to say that in total the air defences of the Crimean city repulsed 10 drones from Ukraine this morning. A Russian missile strike on an apartment building in Dnipro in central Ukraine has left at least 40 people dead, making it one of the deadliest single attacks of the war. According to the United States Census, in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States. Current language, the dictionary has many subsequent editions from the first one of 1998. [citation needed], The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly, a phenomenon called okanye (). [135] Soviet forces steamrolled through Eastern and Central Europe in 19441945 and captured Berlin in May 1945. Will it work? Rossiyane ( ), Russian language term for all citizens and people of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. . [609] The country has the world's highest vodka consumption,[610] while beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage. [354] Russia's inland waterways are the world's longest, and total 102,000km (63,380mi). [213], Russia has nine major mountain ranges, and they are found along the southernmost regions, which share a significant portion of the Caucasus Mountains (containing Mount Elbrus, which at 5,642m (18,510ft) is the highest peak in Russia and Europe);[7] the Altai and Sayan Mountains in Siberia; and in the East Siberian Mountains and the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East (containing Klyuchevskaya Sopka, which at 4,750m (15,584ft) is the highest active volcano in Eurasia). [604] Salads include Olivier salad,[605] vinegret,[606] and dressed herring. . By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers, developing into the Russian Empire, which remains the third-largest empire in history. [278] Turkey and Russia share a complex strategic, energy, and defense relationship. [544], Until the 18th-century, music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances. [75] The Israeli press and websites regularly publish material in Russian and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in the country. [321][322] To quash the insurgency in the North Caucasus, Russian authorities have been accused of indiscriminate killings,[323] arrests, forced disappearances, and torture of civilians. [399] Lev Landau made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', arose in the 9th century, and in 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. Russian artillery fire down 75% in some areas, US officials say, in latest sign of struggles for Moscow. [548], Soviet and Russian conservatories have turned out generations of world-renowned soloists. BBC. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. [35] In the 19th century (in Russia until 1917), the language was often called "Great Russian" to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called "White Russian" and Ukrainian, then called "Little Russian". [70] In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by merchant Kuzma Minin and prince Dmitry Pozharsky. [citation needed], During the Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects. [5], Russia has an adult literacy rate of 100%,[472] and has compulsory education for a duration of 11 years, exclusively for children aged 7 to 1718. [34] Early Indo-European migrations from the PonticCaspian steppe of Ukraine and Russia spread Yamnaya ancestry and Indo-European languages across large parts of Eurasia. [616] Among the 3,000 licensed radio stations nationwide, notable ones include Radio Rossii, Vesti FM, Echo of Moscow, Radio Mayak, and Russkoye Radio. In the 18th and the late 19th centuries, a period known as the "Golden Age" of Russian Literature, the grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation of the Russian language in a standardized literary form emerged. [92] These reforms spurred industrialisation, and modernised the Imperial Russian Army, which liberated much of the Balkans from Ottoman rule in the aftermath of the 18771878 Russo-Turkish War. [64], In development of the Third Rome ideas, the grand duke IvanIV ("the Terrible") was officially crowned the first tsar of Russia in 1547. [611] Wine has become increasingly popular in Russia in the 21st century. [61] When the seat of the Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church moved to Moscow in 1325, its influence increased. Russian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of its consonants. Summary by language size. [111], On 30 December 1922, Lenin and his aides formed the Soviet Union, by joining the Russian SFSR into a single state with the Byelorussian, Transcaucasian, and Ukrainian republics. [28], The first trace of an early modern human in Russia dates back to 45,000 years, in Western Siberia. [224] The Siberian rivers of Ob, Yenisey, Lena, and Amur are among the world's longest rivers. [180], In 1999, president Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned, handing the post to the recently appointed prime minister and his chosen successor, Vladimir Putin. [76] The reign of PeterI's daughter Elizabeth in 17411762 saw Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War (17561763). 31 Dec 1999: Putin Presidency begins in Russia. [525][526] Ivan Aivazovsky, another Romantic painter, is considered one of the greatest masters of marine art. [12] Russia is the most populous country in Europe, and the world's ninth most populous country, with a population density of 9 inhabitants per square kilometre (23 per square mile). [577][578] The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the Silver Age of Russian Poetry. [600] Beef Stroganoff,[601]:266 Chicken Kiev,[601]:320 pelmeni,[602] and shashlyk are popular meat dishes. [451][452] According to the Russian Census of 2010, 137.5million across the country spoke Russian, 4.3million spoke Tatar, and 1.1million spoke Ukrainian. . . "We also have to understand that it's extraordinarily threatening to Russia to have such a big military alliance that's armed to the teeth so close to the Russian border [editor's note: if NATO were to expand]." Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or the syntax of Russian dialects.[45]. [533] Following the Christianization of Kievan Rus', for several centuries it was influenced predominantly by Byzantine architecture. Rossiyane ( ), Russian language term for all citizens and people of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. This article incorporates text from a free content work. [421] According to Federal Agency for Tourism, the number of inbound trips of foreign citizens to Russia amounted to 24.4 million in 2019. [citation needed], Feudal divisions and conflicts between rival polities created obstacles to the exchange of goods and ideas between the early medieval Rus' principalities before and especially during Mongol rule. [411] In 1965, Alexei Leonov became the first human to conduct a spacewalk, exiting the space capsule during Voskhod 2. [98], In 1914, Russia entered World WarI in response to Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Russia's ally Serbia,[99] and fought across multiple fronts while isolated from its Triple Entente allies. Ultimately, by the end of the 16th century, Russia expanded east of the Ural Mountains. [357], Russia has been widely described as an energy superpower. [624][625] In 196168 Sergey Bondarchuk directed an Oscar-winning film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's epic War and Peace, which was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union. [138] The Soviet Union, along with the United States, the United Kingdom and China were considered the Big Four of Allied powers in World War II, and later became the Four Policemen, which was the foundation of the United Nations Security Council. (mlodets "fine young man"), (uznyu "I shall learn it") (uznay "I recognize it"), (otrezt "to be cutting") (otrzat "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like (afra, "scandal, affair"), (gru, "guru"), (Garca), (Olsha), (Fermi), and to show which is the stressed word in a sentence, for example ? Russian artillery fire down 75% in some areas, US officials say, in latest sign of struggles for Moscow. [616] Russia has the largest video gaming market in Europe, with over 65 million players nationwide. .) The Key Players In Russia's Dramatic October 1993 Showdown", "CHECHEN WAR REVEALS WEAKNESSES IN YELTSIN, RUSSIA'S NEW DEMOCRACY", Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes, "26 years on, Russia set to repay all Soviet Union's foreign debt", "Prospects for Russia's Economic Reforms", "A Case Study of a Currency Crisis: The Russian Default of 1998", "YELTSIN RESIGNS: THE OVERVIEW; Yeltsin Resigns, Naming Putin as Acting President To Run in March Election", "ELECTION IN RUSSIA: THE OVERVIEW; Putin Wins Russia Vote in First Round, But His Majority Is Less Than Expected", Annals of the Association of American Geographers, "As Expected, Putin Easily Wins a Second Term in Russia", "5 charts show Russia's economic highs and lows under Putin", "Putin ever present as Medvedev becomes president", "Post-Mortem on Europe's First War of the 21st Century", "Russia's Frozen Conflicts and the Donbas", "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine", "US orders 7,000 more troops to Europe following Russia's invasion of Ukraine", "UN votes to condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine and calls for withdrawal", "The unprecedented American sanctions on Russia, explained", "The Russian Federation is excluded from the Council of Europe", "UN General Assembly votes to suspend Russia from the Human Rights Council", "Defiant Putin proclaims Ukrainian annexation as military setback looms", "European Parliament declares Russia to be a state sponsor of terrorism", "Statement by President von der Leyen on Russian accountability and the use of Russian frozen assets", "Ukraine: Commission presents options to make sure that Russia pays for its crimes", "EU Explores New Steps to Probe Russian Crimes, Use Frozen Assets", "Russia-Ukraine War: Top E.U. Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide. [47][105][106][107] In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language was being replaced or used in conjunction with local languages. As Russia's invasion of Ukraine enters its 11th month, US and Ukrainian officials tell CNN that Russia's artillery fire is down dramatically from its wartime high, in some places by as much as 75%. [citation needed], The political reforms of Peter the Great ( , Pytr Velky) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. [383] It is home to the world's finest caviar, the beluga; and produces about one-third of all canned fish, and some one-fourth of the world's total fresh and frozen fish. [44] The invaders, later known as Tatars, formed the state of the Golden Horde, which pillaged principalities of Rus' and ruled its southern and central expanses for over two centuries. [367][368] For example, over the last decade, Russia's share of supplies to total European Union (including the United Kingdom) gas demand increased from 25% in 2009 to 32% in the weeks before the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. [61] The Russian Bear and Mother Russia are often used as national personifications of the country. [312] It impacts various sectors, including the economy,[313] business,[314] public administration,[315] law enforcement,[316] healthcare,[317][318] education,[319] and the military. [51] 50% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 19% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. WebOn This Day. [181] Putin then won the 2000 presidential election,[182] and defeated the Chechen insurgency in the Second Chechen War. It also produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as Aleksandr Kuprin, Nobel Prize winner Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreyev, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Andrei Bely. [citation needed], The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin ( ) in the first third of the 19thcentury. A new constitution was adopted, and Russia has since been governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. ? The westernmost parts of Kaliningrad Oblast and some parts in the south of Krasnodar Krai and the North Caucasus have an oceanic climate. [280] Russia has also increasingly pushed to expand its influence across the Arctic,[281] Asia-Pacific,[282] Africa,[283] the Middle East,[284] and Latin America. . According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. In 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became the first and youngest woman in space, having flown a solo mission on Vostok 6. [291] Russia maintains the world's fourth-highest military expenditure, spending $61.7 billion in 2020. They are the [392], Alexander Popov was among the inventors of radio,[393] while Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov were co-inventors of laser and maser. [634] Russia was the host nation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup,[635] and the 2018 FIFA World Cup. For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. [26] Fossils of Denny, an archaic human hybrid that was half Neanderthal and half Denisovan, and lived some 90,000 years ago, was also found within the latter cave. [522], Early Russian painting is represented in icons and vibrant frescos. Here's what it was like spending 50 hours on the longest train line in the world", "Europe continues to report the world's highest Road Network Density, followed by East Asia and Pacific", "Statistical Review of World Energy 69th edition", "Energy Fact Sheet: Why does Russian oil and gas matter? The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. Ivan Goncharov is remembered mainly for his novel Oblomov. Emergency personnel work at the site where an apartment block was heavily damaged by a Russian missile strike, amid Russia's attack on Ukraine, in Dnipro, Ukraine January 15, 2023. [376], Russia spent about 1% of its GDP on research and development in 2019, with the world's tenth-highest budget. Bread, of many varieties,[594] is very popular across Russia. (zamkcode: rus promoted to code: ru , 'lock') and (zmokcode: rus promoted to code: ru , 'castle')), or to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names. [f][211] Russia lies between latitudes 41 and 82 N, and longitudes 19 E and 169 W, extending some 9,000km (5,600mi) east to west, and 2,500 to 4,000km (1,600 to 2,500mi) north to south. [51] Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factbook. [192] Russia steeply escalated the war by launching a full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. International Journal of Russian Stidies. [607], Russia's national non-alcoholic drink is kvass,[608] and the national alcoholic drink is vodka; its creation in the nation dates back to the 14th century. [503], The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema. [44] Galicia-Volhynia in the southwest would inherit the territory of Kiev and be absorbed by Lithuania and Poland in the mid-fourteenth century, the Novgorod Republic prospered in the north, and on the northeastern periphery Vladimir-Suzdal established traditions under Mongol vassalage that would form the autocratic Russian state. [88] AlexanderI controlled Russia's delegation at the Congress of Vienna, which defined the map of post-Napoleonic Europe. [590] Leon Trotsky, on the other hand, founded Trotskyism. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see this how-to page. WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. The country is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; a member state of the G20, the SCO, BRICS, the APEC, the OSCE, and the WTO; and is the leading member state of the CIS, the CSTO, and the EAEU. Jan 17 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the Russian economy was likely to have shrunk by 2.5% in 2022, but that it was performing better than most experts had predicted. M.A. ", "Russia's population undergoes largest ever peacetime decline, analysis shows", "Russia's Demographic Collapse Is Accelerating", "Ukraine war threatens to deepen Russia's demographic crisis", "EAll- Russian population census 2010 Population by nationality, sex and subjects of the Russian Federation", International Journal of Political Economy, "Mapped: Which country has the most immigrants? [226] Most of northwest Russia and Siberia have a subarctic climate, with extremely severe winters in the inner regions of northeast Siberia (mostly Sakha, where the Northern Pole of Cold is located with the record low temperature of 71.2C or 96.2F),[219] and more moderate winters elsewhere. [595] Flavourful soups and stews include shchi, borsch, ukha, solyanka, and okroshka. Boris Yeltsin resigns in a shock live television announcement. Military intervention in the post-soviet states include a war with Georgia in 2008, and the invasion and destablisation of Ukraine beginning in 2014. WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. [378] More than one-third of the sown area is devoted to fodder crops, and the remaining farmland is devoted to industrial crops, vegetables, and fruits. [44] This was acknowledged by the noted Russian dialectologist Nikolai Karinsky (18731935), who toward the end of his life wrote: Scholars of Russian dialects mostly studied phonetics and morphology. The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. [161] In June 1991, Boris Yeltsin became the first directly elected president in Russian history when he was elected president of the Russian SFSR. The 18th-century taste for Rococo architecture led to the splendid works of Bartolomeo Rastrelli and his followers. [255] Originally seven, currently there are eight federal districts, each headed by an envoy appointed by the president. Russian was the language of 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). It has historically been a great power,[264] and a former superpower as the leading constituent of the former Soviet Union. [29] The discovery of high concentration cultural remains of anatomically modern humans, from at least 40,000 years ago, was found at KostyonkiBorshchyovo,[30] and at Sungir, dating back to 34,600 years agoboth in western Russia. [44], The destruction of Kievan Rus' saw the eventual rise of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, initially a part of Vladimir-Suzdal. Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., and Mark D. Steinberg. ", Iliev, Iv. [citation needed]. At the expense of millions of lives, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialization in the 1930s, and later played a decisive role for the Allies of World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. The next day the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. During the post-World War II era, Russia was a central player in international affairs, locked in a Cold War struggle with the United States.In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia joined with [423], Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring of Russia, a theme route of ancient Russian cities, cruises on large rivers such as the Volga, hikes on mountain ranges such as the Caucasus Mountains,[424] and journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. Russian is also spoken in Israel. The dialects often show distinct and non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary, and grammar. Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the following: The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. [51] According to the Primary Chronicle, a Varangian from the Rus' people, named Rurik, was elected ruler of Novgorod in 862. [56] Starting in 2019, instruction in Russian will be gradually discontinued in private colleges and universities in Latvia, and in general instruction in Latvian public high schools. Old New Year is celebrated on 14 January. Free programs are available offering this Unicode extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards. [486] In 2019, the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth was 73.2 years (68.2 years for males and 78.0 years for females),[487] and it had a very low infant mortality rate (5 per 1,000 live births). [citation needed], The political upheavals of the early 20th century and the wholesale changes of political ideology gave written Russian its modern appearance after the spelling reform of 1918. The federal subjects have equal representationtwo delegates eachin the Federation Council, the upper house of the Federal Assembly. [271] India is the largest customer of Russian military equipment, and the two countries share a strong strategic and diplomatic relationship since the Soviet era. [513] Spring and Labor Day, originally a Soviet era holiday dedicated to workers, is celebrated on 1 May. Crops of rye, wheat, barley, and millet provide the ingredients for various breads, pancakes and cereals, as well as for many drinks. Influential migr writers include Vladimir Nabokov,[582] and Isaac Asimov; who was considered one of the "Big Three" science fiction writers. [5] Orthodox Christianity, together with Islam, Buddhism, and Paganism (either preserved or revived), are recognised by Russian law as the traditional religions of the country, part of its "historical heritage". WebRussian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. [496] Russian writers and philosophers have played an important role in the development of European literature and thought. [603] Other meat dishes include stuffed cabbage rolls (golubtsy) usually filled with meat. [117], Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a command economy, industrialisation of the largely rural country, and collectivisation of its agriculture. Such verbs also take on different forms to distinguish between concrete and abstract motion. [334] Its foreign exchange reserves are the world's fifth-largest, worth $540 billion. [344][345], After over a decade of post-Soviet rapid economic growth, backed by high oil-prices and a surge in foreign exchange reserves and investment,[185] Russia's economy was damaged following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War and the annexation of Crimea in 2014, due to the first wave of Western sanctions being imposed. [7][8][9] It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the lingua franca of the country and the language of the elite. Nakhimovsky quotes the Soviet academicians A.M Ivanov and L.P Yakubinsky, writing in 1930: The language of peasants has a motley diversity inherited from feudalism. On its way to becoming proletariat peasantry brings to the factory and the industrial plant their local peasant dialects with their phonetics, grammar and vocabulary the very process of recruiting workers from peasants and the mobility of worker population generate another process: the liquidation of peasant inheritance by way of leveling the particulars of local dialects. [402] Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were migrs. Russian has preserved an Indo-European synthetic-inflectional structure, although considerable leveling has occurred. [149] The general easement of repressive policies became known later as the Khrushchev Thaw. [592] Aleksandr Dugin, known for his fascist views, has been regarded as the "guru of geopolitics". [460][461] Islam is the second-largest religion in Russia, and is the traditional religion among the majority of the peoples of the North Caucasus, and among some Turkic peoples scattered along the Volga-Ural region. The French invasion of Russia at the height of Napoleon's power in 1812 reached Moscow, but eventually failed miserably as the obstinate resistance in combination with the bitterly cold Russian winter led to a disastrous defeat of invaders, in which the pan-European Grande Arme faced utter destruction. United Russia is the dominant political party in Russia, and has been described as "big tent" and the "party of power". [535] The 16th-century saw the development of the unique tent-like churches; and the onion dome design, which is a distinctive feature of Russian architecture. WebRussian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.It is the main language spoken in Russia.It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.. Russian, like other Available for over a year. Russian peasants, the great majority of the population, continued to speak in their own dialects. The Federal Assembly | The Constitution of the Russian Federation", "Chapter 7. [626] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian cinema industry suffered large losseshowever, since the late 2000s, it has seen growth once again, and continues to expand. The second 20-volumed edition was begun in 1991, but not all volumes have been finished. [141]:295 The Soviet economy and infrastructure suffered massive devastation, which caused the Soviet famine of 19461947. (Ty syel pechnye? [81] Catherine's successor, her son Paul, was unstable and focused predominantly on domestic issues. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although it vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey,[66] fluency in Russian remains fairly high (2040%) in some countries, in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an edge in learning Russian[further explanation needed] (namely, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria). [52] The World Factbook notes that Russian is widely used in government and business. [44] Rurik's son Igor and Igor's son Sviatoslav subsequently subdued all local East Slavic tribes to Kievan rule, destroyed the Khazar Khaganate,[52] and launched several military expeditions to Byzantium and Persia. Text taken from Frequently Asked Questions on Energy Security, International Energy Agency, the International Energy Agency. [202][203][204][205][206][207] The Council of Europe also called for an international criminal tribunal to prosecute Russian crimes. [52] On February 18, 2012, Latvia held a constitutional referendum on whether to adopt Russian as a second official language. [44] Moscow gradually absorbed its parent duchy and surrounding principalities, including formerly strong rivals such as Tver and Novgorod. [73] In 1648, Semyon Dezhnyov became the first European to navigate through the Bering Strait. [52], In Estonia, Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook,[53] and is officially considered a foreign language. Russia has been involved militarily in a number of post-Soviet conflicts, which has included the internationally unrecognised annexations of Crimea in 2014 from neighbouring Ukraine and four other regions in 2022 during an ongoing invasion. Smorodinskaya, Tatiana, and Karen Evans-Romaine, eds. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary found in the spoken language of the time. Percentage of ethnic Russians by region according to the 2010 census. [129]:7, Eventually, some 5 million Red Army troops were captured by the Nazis;[130]:272 the latter deliberately starved to death or otherwise killed 3.3million Soviet POWs, and a vast number of civilians, as the "Hunger Plan" sought to fulfill Generalplan Ost. [631] Russian clubs CSKA Moscow and Zenit Saint Petersburg won the UEFA Cup in 2005 and 2008. [362] Russia is also the world's leading natural gas exporter,[363] the second-largest natural gas producer,[364] and the second-largest oil producer and exporter. The Russian-imposed governor of Sevastopol, Mikhail Razvozhayev, has posted to Telegram to say that in total the air defences of the Crimean city repulsed 10 drones from Ukraine this morning. The standard language is used in written and spoken form almost everywhere in the country, from Kaliningrad and Saint Petersburg in the West to Vladivostok and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in the East, the enormous distance between notwithstanding. During and after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, wide-ranging reforms including privatisation and market and trade liberalisation were undertaken, including radical changes along the lines of "shock therapy". is pronounced [nasli], not [nsli]) this is called yakanye (). Legal code of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri)", "Russian Language To Get Official Status In Nagorno-Karabakh", "Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR", "List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. Can Russians from different locations of the country understand each other? [232][233], Russian biodiversity includes 12,500 species of vascular plants, 2,200 species of bryophytes, about 3,000 species of lichens, 7,0009,000 species of algae, and 20,00025,000 species of fungi. [400], Nikolai Vavilov was best known for having identified the centres of origin of cultivated plants. However, starting January 2019 Cuban television opened an educational program devoted to the Russian language. It retains its classical and Soviet-era architecture; while boasting high art, world class ballet, and modern skyscrapers. [384] It also ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications in 2020, with roughly 1.3 million papers. "We also have to understand that it's extraordinarily threatening to Russia to have such a big military alliance that's armed to the teeth so close to the Russian border [editor's note: if NATO were to expand]." [269], Russia maintains close relations with neighbouring Belarus, which is a part of the Union State, a supranational confederation of the two states. Source: Energoatom, Ukraine's state company that runs all nuclear power plants in this country Quote: "The Russian invaders in the satellite city Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. [470], In 2012, the research organisation Sreda, in cooperation with the Ministry of Justice, published the Arena Atlas, an adjunct to the 2010 census, enumerating in detail the religious populations and nationalities of Russia, based on a large-sample country-wide survey. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin, under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and a shift towards authoritarianism. [citation needed] The law faced criticism from officials in Russia. [109] Millions became White migrs,[110] and the Russian famine of 19211922 claimed up to fivemillion victims. (. Source: Energoatom, Ukraine's state company that runs all nuclear power plants in this country Quote: "The Russian invaders in the satellite city [76] In the 18th century, academicians Ivan Argunov, Dmitry Levitzky, Vladimir Borovikovsky became influential. In winter, temperatures get colder both from south to north and from west to east. Trade emporiums in Tanais and Phanagoria on February 18, 2012, Latvia held a constitutional referendum whether... While boasting high art, world class ballet, and Amur are among the world 's longest, and.... ) usually filled with meat a Soviet era holiday dedicated to workers, is one!, by the end of the wider Ino-European family on 1 May 42 ] in late 8th BCE... Russia in the development of European literature and thought leading constituent of the country understand each?... Nikolai Vavilov was best known for his fascist views, has been regarded as the `` guru of ''... ] is very popular across Russia Soviet economy and infrastructure suffered massive devastation, which caused the Soviet famine 19211922... The world Factbook [ 540 ] in 1648, Semyon Dezhnyov became the first of. It also ranked tenth worldwide in the south of Krasnodar Krai and the Russian president this week his... And non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary, and total 102,000km ( 63,380mi.... Federation Council, the dictionary has many subsequent editions from the first trace of an early modern human Russia... Paul, was unstable and focused predominantly on domestic issues most of its consonants the second 20-volumed was... Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances among the world 's,... [ 52 ] on February 18, 2012, Latvia held a constitutional referendum on whether adopt! 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