In some cases, in contrast to fears of "racist" connotations of identifying individuals by their cultural background, the language of labels and shorthand descriptors was used as a lingua franca for playful . The ACSL, for indictable offences, for male offenders has increased over the last five years for all ethnic groups. The British Crime Survey found that most crimes go unreported and found that the risk of being a victim varies by ethnic group, whereby statistics showed that people from mixed ethnic backgrounds had a higher risk (36%) of becoming a victim of rime than blacks, Asians and whites faced. , The HMI Prisons section refers to race rather than ethnicity as this was the term used in the survey. This chapter provides statistics relating to offenders in custody or under supervision in the community. The most common sentencing outcome across all ethnic groups for sexual offences was immediate custody. Figure 8.05: Sentencing outcomes for all drug offences, 2020, England and Wales. Previously, these officers have been counted under the Chinese or Other ethnic group. Drug offences vary both in nature and severity. In 2020/21, 19% of arrests of Black suspects were for drug offences. The data for this section is available in the Arrests open data tables published by Home Office. Unfortunately, we do not hold data on offences . In Gilroy's view, ethnic minority crime can be seen as a form of political resistance against a racist society, and this resistance . They are awarded National Statistics status following an assessment by the Authoritys regulatory arm. The proportions across ethnic groups have remained relatively stable in the past 5 years. White victims accounted for over three quarters (77%) of homicide victims in both the 0-14 and 21+ age groups. In 2020, minority ethnic children also had a higher proportion remanded in custody, had a higher custody rate and received on average longer custodial sentences. Since 2019, Black and Asian defendants have been less likely to receive a custodial sentence relative to White defendants. This includes putting more information in the public domain with ethnicity breakdowns, the use of the Relative Rate Indexes[footnote 6] where appropriate and a focus on outcomes for children distinct form the adult population. From 2016 to 2019, the guilty plea rate remained relatively stable at between 88% and 89%. 178 300 sexual violence crimes in the EU in 2020, a stop in a growing trend. This is the latest biennial compendium of Statistics on Ethnicity (formerly Race) and the Criminal Justice System and follows on from its sister publication Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System published last year. This chapter explores police activity by ethnicity of persons stopped and searched and/or arrested. Location: England and Wales. , For 2014/15, following SEN reforms, SEN pupils are categorised as SEN with a statement or Education, health and care (EHC) plan and SEN support. Of the 63,100 offenders supervised on post release licence in 2020[footnote 61], the proportions across ethnic groups remained in line with that of the previous 5 years, 76% were White, 11% Black, 7% Asian, 4% Mixed and 2% Chinese or Other ethnicities. The reoffending rate among children was higher for the Black ethnic group at 45% and has consistently been higher over the last five years than the White (39%), Asian (35%) and Other (34%) ethnic groups. 9% of White people aged 75 and over feared crime, compared with 27% of Asian people in the same age group. Differences observed may indicate areas worth further investigation but should not be taken as evidence of bias or as direct effects of ethnicity. These proportions have remained stable across the past 5 years. Relative proportions of arrests across ethnic groups remained stable between 2016/17 and 2020/21. Conversely, higher proportions of clients from ethnic minority groups received representation for indictable trials at 30% for Asian, 36% for Black and 36% for Mixed compared to 27% for White. , In 2018/19 Lancashire, Warwickshire and West Mercia stated that new IT systems and/or processes had led to changes in recording of detentions under section 136 of the Mental Health Act. Representation of ethnic groups at different stages of the criminal justice process: black people made up 2.8 per cent of the UK population but accounted for 14.1% of stops and searches and 8.8% of . Errors in our statistical systems and processes. Caution should be taken when considering the ethnic breakdown of senior staff because the number of individuals represented is small and changing a single case could have a noticeable effect. Similarly, for children, a higher proportion of child offenders in the Asian and Chinese or Other ethnic groups were first time offenders. Data Access and Compliance Unit. Principal suspects in homicides with all other ethnicities were most likely to be a stranger (Black 43%, Asian 28%, Other 65%). SW1H 9AJ. Where young offenders received a custodial sentence, the proportion of White offenders persistently absent was significantly higher than the proportion of Black offenders, both for custody for 12 months or less (by 7pp) and for more than 12 months (by 11pp). 102 Petty France. 87% of people in the UK are White, and 13% belong to a Black, Asian, Mixed or Other ethnic group (2011 Census data). Where there are differences between groups that are statistically significant this will be stated. To allow users to assess the confidence they have in the data we are using, levels of missing or unreported ethnicity are reported throughout. Ethnicity facts and figures. the young, the poor and ethnic minorities) show up more often in these statistics. The ethnicity of prisoners varied across age groups, with a higher proportion of younger prisoners being from minority ethnic groups (53% of under 18-year olds). Where differences are not referred to as being statistically significant these are either not statistically significantly different, or differences have not been tested. of the official crime statistics without question (i.e. In line with previous years, Black defendants continued to serve a greater proportion of their original determinate sentence in custody (67% in 2020) when compared with Mixed (66%) White (60%), Asian (58%) and prisoners from Other ethnic groups (58%). The arrest rate for all ethnic groups decreased over this period, each within the range of 4 percentage points (pp) in 2020/21 (10 to 14%). This method accounted for 69% of homicides with Black victims, but only 35% of those with White victims. A higher proportion of Mixed suspects received the principal outcome of arrest at 14%, compared to 13% of Black suspects, 12% of White suspects, 11% of Other ethnicity suspects and 10% of Asian suspects. However, priority has been given to allow for a full year of reliable data that shows continuation of long-term trends. A contributing factor to the long ACSL for Asian offenders is due to the high proportions of Class A drug related offences. Our policy in handling revisions is to be transparent with users about: How and when to expect revisions as part of our standard processes. 2, See technical guide for further information relating to the impact of COVID-19 on the courts. All results relate to England and Wales unless explicitly stated otherwise. In the 2011 Census the proportion in each ethnic group was as follows: 87% White, 3% Black, 6% Asian, 2% Mixed and 2% Chinese or Other. These statistics have highlighted differences in rates of crime between racial groups, and some commentators have suggested . Black males accounted for 12% of all male prosecutions, compared to Black females, accounting for 7% of all female prosecutions. In 2020, Asian offenders had the longest ACSL for drug offences, at 46.2 months. We also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services. , 52,617 prisoners were released from determinate sentences in 2020, of whom 99.14% were of known ethnicity. , Children includes individuals aged up to 17 and adults includes individuals aged 18 and over. , New methodology introduced in the 2015/16 cohort, used to measure proven reoffending, reduced twelve-monthly cohort to a three-monthly cohort and changed data source following probation services reforms. Ministry of Justice: Between 2016 and 2020, there has been an increase of 1.3 percentage points (pp) in the proportion of staff from the Asian ethnic group and a decrease of 1.6 pp in the proportion of staff from the White ethnic group[footnote 91]. Time spent at court increased in 2020 from previous years for all ethnic groups and offences, due to restrictions in response to COVID-19[footnote 47]. In 2020, the ethnic group with the highest concordance rate with their PSR for immediate custodial sentences was the Mixed ethnic group, at 89%; this has remained consistent since 2018. Above National Average. However, as in previous reports, in order to present as full a picture as possible we have also included some statistics that do not have this badging where National Statistics are not held on important or new topics. A further review by Haylock et al in 2020 of risk factors associated with weapon-related crime for young people aged 10 to 24 within the UK strengthens both of these reports. For those sentenced to custody, where there are differences between groups that are statistically significant to the 95% level, this will be stated. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. You have a 1 in 60.4 chance of being the victim of a violent crime in Cleveland each year. A higher custody rate, however, was seen in the Chinese or Other group (36%). In the last 5 years, the numbers of children prosecuted for indictable offences has fallen for all ethnic groups, however, the proportion of children from Black, Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnic groups has increased collectively from 33% in 2016 to 39% in 2020. Figure 7.09: Proportion of young offenders matched to a KS4 academic year of 2013/14, 2014/15, known to be eligible for Free School Meals by ethnicity, in England (Source: Table 7.2 and Impact Indicator 3.8)[footnote 74], Special Educational Needs (SEN)[footnote 75]. Differences in outcomes between ethnic groups over time present a mixed picture, with disparity decreasing in some areas and widening in others. Cases where ethnicity was not known have not been included in this commentary. In the latest year, suspicion of drugs and offensive weapons were the two most common reasons for stops across all ethnic groups. Analysis of offender characteristics such as SEN and FSM is also based on academic years 2013/14 and 2014/15. Include a detailed revisions policy within every release. Under the Criminal Justice Act 1991, section 95, the government collects annual statistics based on race and crime. Figure 6.01: Number and proportion of prisoners in England and Wales, 2016 to 2020, by ethnicity, Figure 6.02: Proportion of prisoners by ethnicity and age group, England and Wales, 30th June, 2020. Over the last 5 years, the proportion of suspects who were stopped and searched remained relatively stable across most ethnic groups, with a slight decrease in those from the Black ethnic group (21% to 17%). These proportions have remained relatively stable across the past 5 years. Much of this information has previously been published in the Offender Management statistics quarterly publication, where statistics on adjudications, Home Detention Curfew, Release on Temporary Licence and Licence Recalls can also be found. , Source: GCSE and equivalent results in England 2014/15 (Revised), A young person may be eligible to claim for FSM if they or their family meet certain criteria related to their income and benefits received. As shown in figure 5.03, the Chinese or Other and Black ethnic groups were more likely to be remanded in custody at Crown Court in 2020, at 51% and 49% respectively. In 2020, 79% of crime higher legal aid workload was for White clients, with 10% for Black, 8% for Asian, and 3% for Mixed clients. , Offence groups from this chapter are not directly comparable to offence groups from the MoJ Court Proceedings database see technical guide for further details, Ethnicity coverage is more complete for triable either way and indictable only offences. The proportion of young offenders persistently absent was higher for White, Black and Asian ethnic groups receiving a custodial sentence compared to the total sentenced/ convicted. This publication compiles statistics from data sources across the Criminal Justice System (CJS), to provide a combined perspective on the typical experiences of different ethnic groups. In 2020, Asian offenders had the longest ACSL for drug offences, at 46.2 months, the Chinese or Other group had the shortest (31.8 months), while all other ethnic groups ranged from 38.0 to 39.8 months. Compared to ethnic minority groups, White clients had a higher proportion of representation at committals for sentence at 22%, whereas 15% of Asian and Black clients and 16% of Mixed were represented at committals. Criminal legal aid can be split into two categories, crime higher and crime lower[footnote 48]. These proportions were similar to those of the ethnic breakdown of the prison population. This report compares the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program data on incidents of nonfatal violent crime to data from BJS's National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) to determine if arrest differences by race and ethnicity can be attributed to differences in criminal involvement. Due to the small population of children from Asian, Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnic groups they are subject to greater variance across the years and have therefore been omitted from this comparison. Of the offenders sentenced, 53% were sentenced to immediate custody. In 2020/21, stop and searches which resulted in arrests accounted for 12% of total arrests made in England and Wales (where ethnicity is known). . Black suspects had the highest proportion of arrests that resulted from stop and search, accounting for 23% of total arrests, which has increased from 17% in 2016/17. In 2020, the ethnic group with the highest ACSL for sexual offences was Black, at 67.3 months, and the lowest the Asian group at 51.6 months. Figure 7.08: Proportion of young offenders matched to a KS4 attainment record in academic years 2013/14 and 2014/15, by ethnicity, in England (Source: Table 7.1 and Table CH1). In 2020, 37% of all defendants prosecuted for sexual offences at Crown Court were remanded in custody . , See technical guide for more information on what this service covers. The ACSL has been consistently lower for White male offenders than all ethnic minority groups, a disparity that has increased over the last 5 years for male offenders. statistics. 6. The proportion of staff from White backgrounds has decreased between 1 and 2.4 percentage points across all CJS organisations over the last 5 years, largely driven by increases in the proportion of staff from Asian and Mixed ethnic backgrounds. , All groups defined by officer-identified ethnicity classification see Appendix I. Because of this, the statistics presented in this report cannot present the typical experience of a person of a particular ethnic group, but it can highlight areas where further investigation or research may be warranted when looking at differences between ethnic groups. overall, men were 6 times as likely to . ACSL was consistently lower for White defendants from 2016 to 2020, at 19.6 months in 2020, compared to 28.6 for Asian defendants (46% longer), 26.8 for Black defendants (37% longer), and 24.4 for both defendants of Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnicity groups (25% longer). Guilty plea rate (GPR) has increased across all ethnic groups across the past 5 years, showing a sharp rise since 2018. The equivalent proportion for White defendants was 27%. Despite this, only 49% of prisoners from Mixed ethnic groups felt that they had been kept safe from the virus, in comparison to 65% of White prisoners. he highest proportion for Class B drugs (28% in 2020). , Available at https://www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/code-of-practice/, Data provided by the Home Office listing offences recorded as homicide as of 15th December 2020. , Self-declared from HR records reported table 3_5_JO_Magistrates Judicial Diversity Statistics, 2021 publication, the quoted figure covers all court judges; Judicial Diversity Statistics 2017. Sharp and Budd (2005) noted that the 2003 offending, crime and justice survey of 12,000 people found that whites and mixed ethnicity were more . When a suspect is formally charged, they are brought before a magistrates court (as a defendant) as soon as possible. White prisoners reported more positive relationships with staff, with 80% reporting feeling that they were treated with respect by staff, in comparison to 63% of prisoners from Mixed ethnic groups. These include: Survey data from Her Majestys Inspectorate of Prisons Annual Report, (New) Understanding Educational Background of Offenders (MoJ/ DfE data share). Where changes to data systems or data quality issues do not allow for this, trends have been presented for the longest periods possible. The latest trends are mostly reflective of the impact of the pandemic on court processes and prioritisation rather than a continuation of the longer-term series. Further information on the following topics related to offender management are available online: Safety in Custody, Substance Misuse Treatment Programmes, Offender Learning. there were 7.5 stop and searches for every 1,000 white people, compared with 52.6 for every 1,000 black people. The overall custody rate for drug offences has increased from 21% in 2016 to 25% in 2020. These provide criminologists, the police and the media with two types of data. Figure 9.04: Proportion of staff and practitioners in CJS organisations by ethnicity[footnote 99], latest year and 2016 or 2017, England and Wales. In most instances data are presented in terms of calendar years (up to 2020) and financial years (up to 2019/20), reflecting the reporting cycles and data collection of the agencies contributing information for this publication. ACSL for possession of weapons offences decreased between 2016 and 2020 for all ethnic groups except Mixed, decreasing the largest for Asian and Black offenders. , Pre-sentence reports (PSRs) are prepared by the Probation Service to provide information to the court about the offender and any circumstances surrounding the offence, to help decide on a suitable sentence. RRI analysis shows that defendants from Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnic groups were not significantly more or less likely to be sentenced to immediate custody compared to White defendants, and Black and Asian defendants were 6% and 4% less likely to be sentenced to immediate custody in comparison with White defendants respectively. In the year ending March 2021, there were 5,777 oral parole board hearings where ethnicity was recorded[footnote 55]. Police officers: The proportion of White practitioners is highest for police officers of all the CJS organisations at 92.4%[footnote 94]. The Asian ethnic group (2%) were significantly less likely than the White ethnic group (4%) to be victims of a personal crime, whilst the Mixed ethnic group (7%) were significantly more likely. The average number of assailants was 1.29 and did not vary significantly by the victims' race or ethnicity. Principal suspects in homicides with White victims were most likely to be a friend/acquaintance (29%). The arrest rate in England and Wales for white people was nine arrests per 1,000 people in the reporting year 2021/22 while black people . Similarly, prisoners of Mixed ethnic groups made up 12% of all prisoners under 18, yet only accounting for 5% of the entire prison population. Almost half (49%) of homicide victims aged 15-17 and 37% of those aged 18-20 were from the Black ethnic group. This number does not include offences such as speeding. Within the Ministry of Justices statistical publications there can be three main reasons for statistics to be revised: Changes in how either source administrative systems collect information or a change in statistical methodology to improve accuracy and measurement. Figure 4.02: Distribution of stop and searches in London and England and Wales, by ethnicity, 2020/21. A sharp instrument was the most frequent apparent method of killing across most ethnic groups, accounting for 40% of all homicides in the period between 2017/18 and 2019/20. In 2007, following the fatal shooting of three non-White teenage boys in south London, Prime . To help us improve GOV.UK, wed like to know more about your visit today. Custody Rate and Average Custodial Sentence Length (ACSL). Between 2017/18 and 2019/20, almost half (49%) of homicide victims aged 15 to 17 and 37% of victims aged 18 to 20 were from the Black ethnic group. , Data used in the HMPPS workforce quarterly statistics are self-declared from HR records, as at 31 March 2021. They have been excluded from all analyses in this chapter. The Asian ethnic group had a higher proportion of homicides where the principal suspect was a family member (17%) or partner/ex-partner (22%), compared to all other ethnic groups. There was a corresponding increase in stop and searches conducted on Asian suspects (15% to 19%) whilst all other ethnic groups remained relatively constant. A higher proportion of Mixed ethnicity offenders received a release result (61%), in contrast with a lower proportion of Chinese or Other ethnicity offenders (47%)[footnote 56]. The latest data available during the compilation of this report have been included. over the 7 years covered, the percentage of White people who said they were victims of crime went down from 17% to 13%. there were 697,405 stop and searches in England and Wales between April 2020 and March 2021, a rate of 12.4 per 1,000 people. In 2020, 32% of children in prison were Black despite Black prisoners accounting for only 13% of the entire prison population. That compares to a 1 in 323.9 chance statewide. Controlling for offence mix between ethnic groups also impacted on custody rates. Violent Crimes / 100k People. and . 53% of prosecutions for this offence were for White defendants, 25% Black, 13% Asian, 6% Mixed and 2% Chinese or Other ethnic groups. Supplementary Excel (in an Open .ods format) tables accompany the chapters, providing additional data where the figures have not previously been published (or not published in that form). In 2020, White defendants spent the lowest mean number of days (156) at court, while defendants from Chinese or Other ethnic groups had the highest (199). If you have any feedback about the changes referred to in the introduction, or the report more generally, please contact the production team through the Justice Statistics Analytical Services division of the Ministry of Justice: Among minority ethnic groups, Black individuals were often the most over-represented. Within ethnic groups, Black defendants had the largest proportion of prosecutions for this offence in each of the past 5 years. Arrests declined 21% and 22%, respectively, for White and Black adult suspects, a higher rate than other ethnic groups. This has been avoided where possible in order to provide the most recent data. While the statistics recorded the instances of . This was the only region in which homicide victims were more likely to be from the Black ethnic group (42%), followed by White ethnic group (40%). It is the first time the national statistics agency has broken down homicide rates by ethnicity. We routinely publish data from the CSEW giving the prevalence of crime victimisation broken down according to the ethnicity of the victim. Mixed ethnicity suspects had the highest proportion of stop and searches in which the outcome was linked (25%) compared to all other ethnic groups, these ranged from 21% to 22%. In 2020/21, three quarters (77%) of stop and searches resulted in the principal outcome no further action[footnote 31]. Office for National Statistics (UK), Number of homicides in England and Wales from 2009/10 to 2020/21 ethnic appearance of victim . Last modified on Fri 19 Nov 2021 00.29 EST. Email; data.access@justice.gsi.gov.uk. Her Majestys Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS): Between 2017 and 2021, the proportion of White HMPPS staff (excluding National Probation Service) has decreased, from 92.6% to 90.3%, due to an increase in the proportion of staff from Black (1 pp), Asian and Mixed (0.7 pp) backgrounds[footnote 96]. , Some police forces were unable to supply complete data, please see footnotes in the BUSS open data tables. The proportion of total arrests for which theft offences account has been decreasing over this period (20 to 13%) with a corresponding increase in the proportion accounted for by drug offences (9 to 12%). In the 2020/21 HM Inspectorate of Prisons survey, prisoners from ethnic minority groups reported more negative results across the survey. the officer found what they were searching for), and those where the item found was not what the officer was searching for, or where nothing was found. High proportions of prisoners from all ethnic groups reported that they knew what the COVID restrictions were in the prison and that reasons for restrictions had been explained to them. , Ethnicity is self-identified, and coverage has decreased from 93% in 2016/17 to 86% in 2020/21. The proportion of Black young offenders eligible for FSM (72%) sentenced to more than 12 months in custody was significantly higher than the proportion for White young offenders (62%). This is the latest . This was largely because people from these ethnic groups made up a disproportionate share of people arrested, and this carried through to the . Dont include personal or financial information like your National Insurance number or credit card details. Almost three quarters (1,405 or 72%) of all homicide victims (where ethnicity was known) over the three-year period were from the White ethnic group. Of all defendants who entered a plea at Crown Court for sexual offences, 94% entered a guilty plea in 2020 . The largest proportion of crime higher workload is for offences which can be tried either before the magistrates court or the Crown Court, at 50% overall where ethnicity is known in 2020 and ranged between 46% and 52% when broken down by ethnic group. These research outputs are not official statistics. Other sources in this chapter include Criminal Courts Statistics and Legal Aid Statistics. Email: CJS_Statistics@justice.gov.uk, Alternative formats are available on request from ESD@justice.gov.uk, Population estimates for 2016 as provided in data accompanying the Research report on population estimates by ethnic group and religion. The following analysis cannot be used to make conclusions about the overall pupil population that have the characteristics described as the matched dataset is of offenders only[footnote 71]. The highest proportion of offender with SEN with statement was highest for the White ethnic group (18%) and the highest proportion of offenders with SEN without statement was highest for the Other ethnic group (68%)[footnote 76]. 2,574 White, 355 Black, 296 Asian, 226 Mixed and 107 prisoners from Other ethnic groups completed the questionnaires. The ACSL for possession of weapon offences fell between 2016 and 2020 across all ethnic groups, except for the Mixed ethnic group . Where ethnicity was known, first time offenders[footnote 64] accounted for 16% of all adult offenders cautioned or convicted for an indicatable offence in 2020. Unrounded figures can be found in the accompanying spreadsheet tables and published source data. Over the past 5 years, custody rates have largely converged across ethnic groups. ethnicity and crime statistics uk 2020trees that grow well in clay soil texas. In comparison to the period 2011/12 to 2013/14, homicides increased 25%, with a 4pp increase in the proportion of victims from the Black ethnic group, whilst the proportion of those from the White ethnic group decreased 6pp. See table 6.02 for all proportions of determinate sentences served. In 2020, of the defendants prosecuted, 76% were White, 12% were Black, 7% were Asian, 4% were of Mixed ethnicity groups, and 2% were Chinese or Other ethnic groups. This is especially apparent when comparing to the ethnic breakdown of the population of England and Wales[footnote 1]. Those where ethnicity was not known/recorded are not included in this commentary. Check benefits and financial support you can get, Find out about the Energy Bills Support Scheme, Ethnicity and the criminal justice system statistics 2020, nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3, Police powers and procedures: Stop and search and arrests, England and Wales, year ending 31 March 2021, Criminal Justice Statistics quarterly: December 2020 publication, Offender Management statistics quarterly publication, Research report on population estimates by ethnic group and religion, https://www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/code-of-practice/, Crime in England and Wales: year ending March 2020, Homicide in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk), Criminal justice system statistics quarterly: December 2020 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk), Source: GCSE and equivalent results in England 2014/15 (Revised). The ACSL for Asian children was 20.6 months, 18.2 months for Black children and 18 months for Chinese or Other children. Therefore, trends within these broad ethnic groups will be less comparable over a 5-year time series. Convictions across indictable offence groups varied between ethnic groups in 2020, with drug offences accounting for the highest proportion of offenders within each ethnic group except for White offenders, where the highest proportion of convictions was for theft offences. In 2020, of all defendants remanded in custody for indictable offences at Crown Court, 77% were sentenced to immediate custody; an increase from 72% in 2016. In 2020/21, 43% of all stop and searches (where ethnicity is known) were conducted in London, involving a higher proportion of persons from minority ethnic groups when compared to the rest of England and Wales.
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