Weve got your back. You can browse CPR and AED training courses on our site. Most AED first responder kits include razors.\nWet Patient\nElectricity and water do not mix, and neither should water and an AED. Generally, your defibrillator kit will tell you where to place the pads on adults using both audio prompts and visual diagrams. "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202837", An AED works by passing an electrical current through the body, targeting the heart for analysis and possibly one or more shocks. First, lets define anatomical position. Before applying the pads, carefully remove the patch (wearing gloves) and quickly wipe the area with alcohol or a towelette.\nIf in Doubt, Follow the Instructions Provided for Defibrillator Pad Placement\nWhile there are a few different things to keep in mind, AED pad placement will follow only one of two patternsfront and side or front and back. Watch out for these items and materials: The person must be lying down on a firm dry surface with working space around them so that CPR and AED deployment can be performed. Once each AED pad is securely in place according to proper aed pad placement, follow the instructions given by the AED, whether it be to continue CPR, move back from the patient, press the shock button, etc. }, Connect the pads to the Yes. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. If the pregnancy is advanced and the mother dies, it might still be possible to save the baby via an emergency C-section. This is also thought to prepare the heart to receive a defibrillating electric shock from an AED, if needed. AED Devices and Defibrillator Accessories for Sale. Most AEDs will include both visual and verbal instructions for how to place pads correctly. What are AED . It's all the same! Before diving in, lets discuss the different types of AED pad placement. With sound and pictures, CPR hand position and compression rates are indicated, correct AED pad placement is shown, etc. The place where aed pads should be placed in the anteroposterior placement is the upper back.. }, If a child is under the age of eight, weighing less than 55 lbs, pediatric pads should be used for defibrillation. Asystole vs V-Fib: What is the Difference? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Return Policy Place pads on the exposed chest in an anterior-lateral position: one pad slightly below the collar bone on the persons right chest and one pad on the person's left side below the arm pit (Figure 1). { They come with full-sized electrode pads. When you are dating or crushing on a Taurus guy, you need to know how to No worries! "@type": "Thing", "@type": "ImageObject", Unfortunately, sudden cardiac arrest has a poor outcome unless a victim receives timely CPR and defibrillation. Yes. "https://www.aedleader.com/product-category/aed-accessories/aed-pads/" One pad goes on the front chest wall, while a second pad is placed on the upper body in an opposing position, normally the side of the chest, on the left chest wall. The Chain of Survival, as shown in the diagram above, indicates that both CPR and deployment of an AED (automated external defibrillator) are to be used in order to save the life of a person who has collapsed due to Sudden Cardiac Arrest. Knowing that todays AEDs are very easy to use raises our confidence when it comes to attempting an SCA rescue; nevertheless, rescuers want to have as much first-aid knowledge and skill as they can, with as few limitations as possible. ] This reduction in power is accomplished either through the size and wiring of the pads themselves, or by the use of a switch or key on the AED machine. This is referred to as anterior lateral placement. Your email address will not be published. What you see here is just the beginning! Pacemakers are small devices that help some heart patients maintain a normal heart rhythm. }, The correct placement varies between children and adults, though, and there are some unique situations where the general rules dont apply. For infants, apply a second pad to the back (Figure 12e). Electricity isnt just in the wires of a house, automobile, or street light, etc; it is everywhere, even in the human body, where it is the force behind all of our body functions. The main difference between children and infants is the technique for applying cardiopulmonary resuscitation. While pacemakers can help to treat arrhythmias, they do not regulate fibrillation. However, AEDs may be used on victims with pacemakers already fitted without the concern of an AED failing to operate properly. Make sure wires are properly attached to the AED (Figure 10e). "dateModified": "2021-08-26", The automated external defibrillator (AED) is simply a computerized medical device that consists of automated external defibrillator pads which are put on the chest in order to allow an electric current to pass through to the heart.. It occurred despite the efforts of the Federal Reserve and the U.S. Department of the Treasury. In both cases, press down to of the depth of the childs chest and watch the chest rise to allow the heart to fill with blood. Make this check quickly, drying the body, removing chest hair if needed to ensure the pads stick and work immediately. { The second pad goes on the child/infants back, exactly between the shoulder blades, as shown above. Required fields are marked *. If the patients chest is especially hairy, the pads might not stick to their skin properlyjeopardizing the electric shock. Infants under one year old are most likely to have a cardiac arrest due to a blockage to the airway or lungs rather than a problem with their heart. As soon as the AED is opened and/or switched on, it begins to guide the user in its deployment, with automatic audio playing while visuals are shown. Older adults are the group most likely to suffer from cardiac arrest. As the diagram shows, this allows the electrical shock to travel through the victims heart. To keep blood moving to the brain and vital organs, CPR should be started immediately. If only adult pads are available, place them in the same two places, ensuring that the pads dont touch. "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787407", You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. "publisher": { Learning key points regarding quick and accurate AED activation, victim preparation, and AED pad placement lead to more successful rescue outcomes. A pacemaker region, the sinus node, is located in the hearts right atrium. 1.) Your email address will not be published. If the AED reads "Check Electrodes", proceed by following these . several smaller randomized studies have reported conflicting results. See article image. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Where you put AED pads on a woman = where you put AED pads on a man = where you put AED pads on a pregnant woman. When placing AED pads on a child or infant, the first pad goes on the front, just to the victims left-center chest. First, locate the position of the pacemaker. For instance, smaller pediatric pads are to be used with infants. Automated external defibrillator pads are constructed of thin metal plates with wires attached. If someone with a pacemaker goes into cardiac arrest, it is both necessary and safe to use an automated external defibrillator.\nFirst, locate the position of the pacemaker. Sea- or Rain-water: typical of outdoor conditions. Where should I start working out out of shape? If the AED determines a shock is needed, electricity is safely administered to the person through the electrode pads to restart their heart back into a normal rhythm. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185325", If the patients chest is especially hairy, the pads might not stick to their skin properlyjeopardizing the electric shock. Here are key points to know and steps to follow as you deploy an AED (after SCA has been recognized, 911 has been called, and another bystander has retrieved an AED while CPR has begun): By the end of this section, you will: Explain how various factors contributed to the American victory in the Revolution If the Patriots were to be successful in their fight against the British, Vekke Sind is reader-supported. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Where do you place AED pads on a pacemaker? If you can detect a heart rate or the patient is breathing, dont try to use a defibrillator. "mentions": [ There are trustworthy, cost-effective, and easy-to-find courses and materials. Both pads should be placed on the front of the chest, with one pad above the right nipple and the other pad placed on the left side, below the chest. "name": "Anterior and posterior", For a baby, use only two fingers of one hand (pointer and middle), or both thumbs. universal pads) for adults and pediatric patients. "@type": "Thing", Owners of Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) by default have made one of the best investments possible by just purchasing a device. Orders over $99 receive free shipping. Struggling with compliance? 2.) } Doctors can even observe these electrical pulses in the heart using a machine called an electrocardiogram or ECG. 4.1 Pad placement - Adults Acceptable alternatives are the anterior-posterior position, where one pad is placed on the upper back between the shoulder blades and the other on the front of the chest (slightly to the left, if possible); and apex-posterior. "logo": { "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillation#Placement", 4. }, Your email address will not be published. If pads will touch on the chest of an infant, apply one pad on the anterior chest and another pad on the posterior of the infant instead. You can use adult pads for children 8 years and older. The placement of the pads on the body is important because it helps ensure that the electrical current from the defibrillator passes through the heart in the most effective way possible. { AED pad placement (anterior posterior placement, anterior lateral position). These pads are usually smaller, making it easier to fit them to the childs torso. Please correct the marked field(s) below. Once SCA is recognized, as shown in the diagram above, call emergency services (911 in the USA). Before applying the pads, carefully remove the patch (wearing gloves) and quickly wipe the area with alcohol or a towelette. This is to adjust for the difficulty in placing both AED pads in a small area. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. However, this diagram can be a helpful visual reference to understand where to place AED pads in relation to the heart. Since CPR and AED use are at the core of the Chain of Survival, it is in these areas where specific knowledge and training are most beneficial. This creates a pathway through the heart muscle that permits the device to shock the heart into action.\nAED Pad Placement on an Infant\nInfants under one year old are most likely to have a cardiac arrest due to a blockage to the airway or lungs rather than a problem with their heart. AEDs are designed to be used by laypeople with no medical training, however, the American Heart Association (AHA) does advise potential operators of an AED to have basic training in its use and CPR. 4-15 two studies using monophasic shocks found anterior-posterior electrode positioning to be more effective than anterior-lateral electrode positioning. Remember: all defib pads must be placed directly on bare skin! It does not store any personal data. "about": [ These pads are usually smaller, making it easier to fit them to the childs torso. If you can detect a heart rate or the patient is breathing, dont try to use a defibrillator.\nAs long as the basic requirements are met, you can go ahead and deploy the automated external defibrillator with the confidence that the shock could mean the victims best chances of survival." AED Steps for Children and Infants, Continued. If a child is under the age of eight, weighing less than 55 lbs, pediatric pads should be used for defibrillation. Todays AED machines, though sophisticated in their design, have an increasingly friendly user interface with visual media and auditory cues. You can browse CPR and AED training courses on our site. "@type": "ImageObject", ] While there are a few different things to keep in mind, AED pad placement will follow only one of two patternsfront and side or front and back. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Before placing the pads on the patient, use a razor to shave the hair where the pads will be placed. or less, pediatric pads are advised. In general, the placement of the AED pads on a childs body will be similar to the placement on an adults body. For an adult patient, one pad should be put on the left side of the chest, just below the left nipple. "url": "https://www.aedleader.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/aedleader-logo.jpg", Pad Placement. Anterior-posterior placement is also known as front-back pad placement. Anterior-posterior (or "front-and-back") placement:One on the front and one on the back Anterolateral placement:One on the right side of the chest and one on the lower part of the left chest wall (or a few inches below the left armpit, over the ribcage) The first position is usually used on children, and the second position is used on adults. For a child who is 8 or younger, one pad is placed on the back between the shoulder blades (see picture), and the other goes on the front of the child's chest between the nipples (see picture). The 2008 financial crisis was the worst economic disaster since the Great Depression of 1929. Remove the victims clothing from the chest area to expose the bare skin. Effective pad placement ensures that a shock is delivered on an axis through the heart. "sameAs": [ If someone with a pacemaker goes into cardiac arrest, it is both necessary and safe to use an automated external defibrillator. Place the other pad on the lower left side of the chest. "@type": "WebPage", The other pad placement is below the victims left nipple. "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464880", The AED will give verbal prompts and instructions on what to do next. Biphasic Defibrillator Joules The Shock. When placing AED pads on a child or infant, the first pad goes on the front, just to the victims left-center chest. However, an anterior-posterior placement can be used on adults as well with slightly different pad placement. An SCA victim has no pulse, is not breathing, loses consciousness, and will most always die within minutes if not given first aid according to the SCA Chain of Survival. Once the pads are attached, follow the instructions given by the AED. }, Electricity and water do not mix, and neither should water and an AED. If not already attached to the machine, plug the pads into the AED case after they have been attached to the victims body. Anterior-posterior and anterior lateral are the two basic positions of AED pad placement. Detailed Translations for chief from English to Spanishchief:Translation Matrix for chief:Related Words for chief:Synonyms for chief:Related Definitions for chief:Wiktionary Translations for Im about ready to play the last mission, and Im just curious to know if bringing your LI will give you any special scenes/dialogue between the two.EDMartyr 10 years ago#2Yep. ** This device is currently undergoing FDA review and is not commercially available for sale in the U.S. 2022 Avive Solutions, Inc. All rights reserved. "name": "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)", Avive, the Heart and Arrow logo, Avive Connect AED, REALConnect, REALConnect Platform, QuickRescue, AllRescue, Intelligent Response, and Intelligent Response Lite are trademarks of Avive Solutions, Inc. Other marks are the property of their respective owners. If the patient is wet, put them on a dry surface, remove their wet clothing, and get the chest dry before applying the pads. Why SJF Cannot be implemented practically? With sound and pictures, CPR hand position and compression rates are indicated, correct AED pad placement is shown, etc. } In this region a spontaneous electrical impulse is created by the diffusion of calcium ions, sodium ions, and potassium ions across the cell membranes to produce a normal heart rhythm. How many coins does it take to buy a player card background? Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. "author": { So observe the baby carefully, and if they arent clearly choking (in which case apply choking measures first) and an AED is available, using the AED on the infant that is not breathing and has no palpable pulse will be their best chance of survival, even if choking was the initial cause.\nUsing a set of child pads or a child setting (to adjust the energy level for a pediatric patient), place one pad in the center of the babys chest and the other in the center of the babys upper back. "sameAs": [ Its all the same! Anterior-posterior (AP) pad placement is when the AED pads are placed on the chest, one on the right side and one on the left side. They come with full-sized electrode pads. "url": "https://www.aedleader.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/AED-Pad-Placement-Guide.jpg", What should you do before the AED analyzes the heart rhythm? This reduction in power is accomplished either through the size and wiring of the pads themselves, or by the use of a switch or key on the AED machine. More to the point regarding giving an AED shock to an SCA victim is the way electricity works in the heart. Just as with an infant, place one pad in the center of the childs chest and the other pad in the center of the childs upper back, making sure that the pads dont touch. "height": 100, You can learn more about AEDs, the cardiac Chain of Survival, and how to get trained on CPR and AED use below. All Rights Reserved. There are a few basic steps youll need to follow beforehand if your patient has a hairy chest, a medicated patch, or wet skin. "@id": "https://www.aedleader.com/aed-pad-placement/", Victims with pacemakers are those with pre-existing heart conditions and thus are at higher risk for SCA. Adult pads can also be placed front and back on the victim if necessary. As for anterior lateral or anterolateral , this is equivalent to toward the front and towards the edge in standard anatomical position. If this is the case, the rescuer should use an adult AED. This anterior posterior position of the defibrillator pads can be used to avoid a pacemaker, nipple piercings, wounds, etc. In both cases, press down to of the depth of the childs chest and watch the chest rise to allow the heart to fill with blood. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. This pad is placed lower, below the left nipple, and more to the side of the chest. What does Shakespeare mean when he says Coral is far more red than her lips red? "image": { An AED delivers a shock to a victim using two pads placed directly onto the victim's chest. AEDs can be used on patients with a pacemaker, however, do not apply the AEDs electrode pads directly over an implanted pacemaker in the patient. All defibrillators sold by your Defibshop have clear instructions on where to place the defibrillation pads. How long does it take to go from Texas to Mexico border? What are 6 of Charles Dickens classic novels? Whether you are a leader, a teacher, or a parent, you may be called upon to answer especially difficult questions right now, questions that have no satisfying answers. If the mother doesnt make it, neither will the fetusunless first-response measures are taken immediately. Stand back and wait for the AED to analyze the victims heart rhythm. "SameAs": "https://avidonmarketinggroup.com/" Properly placing AED pads varies with the age and/or size of the victim. Join our newsletter for exclusive insights about our new AED & be the first to know when it'll be available! As long as the basic requirements are met, you can go ahead and deploy the automated external defibrillator with the confidence that the shock could mean the victims best chances of survival. Learn More. If the patient is wet, put them on a dry surface, remove their wet clothing, and get the chest dry before applying the pads.\nMedicated Patch\nAED pads should not be placed on top of a medicated patch, because the patch could make the electrical shock less effective. As weve seen, the two basic positions for AED pad placement are: The first position is usually used on children, and the second position is used on adults. Sign up for our newsletter to be the first to learn about all of the Avive Connect AEDs features and capabilities as we unveil them. If you cant find it there, most AEDs have an image printed directly on the electrode pads that show where they should be placed on a persons body. This is also thought to prepare the heart to receive a defibrillating electric shock from an AED, if needed. If the patient revives, place the patient on her left side to increase blood flow to the heart and fetus.\nWhen calling 911 for the attention of a pregnant patient, make sure you tell them about her state. The anterior pad is placed on the persons chest, in the area of their sternum, while the posterior pad is placed on their back, in the area of their spine. For a child, use one hand, depending on the size of the child. Locate the AED machine and open the carrying case. When calling 911 for the attention of a pregnant patient, make sure you tell them about her state. If the mother doesnt make it, neither will the fetusunless first-response measures are taken immediately. "@type": "Thing", Infants 1 and younger place pads always using anterior/posterior placement. Before placing the pads on the patient, use a razor to shave the hair where the pads will be placed. The American Heart Association notes that it is safe to use an AED on an expectant mother. pad placement and shows where to place these defibrillator pads when using them. Place the second pad on the lower left chest below the armpit or on the infant's back. Usually, it is installed in the upper left side of the patients chest. The choice to go without attempting defibrillation is untenable, since Sudden Cardiac Arrest virtually always results in death. When calling 911 for the attention of a pregnant patient, make sure you tell them about her state. Since CPR and AED use are at the core of the Chain of Survival, it is in these areas where specific knowledge and training are most beneficial. Learn the correct pad placement for adults, children, pregnancy, and more. "sameAs": [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillation#Automated_external_defibrillators", The anterior pad is typically placed on the childs chest, in the area of their sternum, while the posterior pad is placed on their back, in the area of their spine. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The elements in our bodies, like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, have a specific electrical charge. Usually, it is installed in the upper left side of the patients chest. Aluminum, Steel, Iron: Used for seating and other structures, especially at sports venues. These adult pads are placed on opposing sides of the chest as shown below: This placement of adult pads is referred to as anterior lateral placement. "@type": "Thing", By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Infant AED Pads are designed to give a shock that uses a lower amount of electricity than regular adult pads. Study and coursework in CPR and AED are highly encouraged. }, AED Pads come with instructions that are intended to make their use as easy and simple to understand as possible. Knowing that todays AEDs are very easy to use raises our confidence when it comes to attempting an SCA rescue; nevertheless, rescuers want to have as much first-aid knowledge and skill as they can, with as few limitations as possible. However, it is important to note that the specific placement of the pads may vary depending on the size and age of the child, as well as the specific type of AED is used. What is the distance covered by the athlete? In addition to guided defibrillation, AED devices now even include real-time guidance for high-quality CPR. Continue to follow the prompts and instructions provided by the AED until emergency medical services arrive. On an adult, AED pads should be placed on the opposing side of the chest. For a baby, use only two fingers of one hand (pointer and middle), or both thumbs. The term AED, which stands for Automated External Defibrillator, means that an AED machine works largely on its own and also uses electrode pads which are applied externally to the victims chest. "name": "sudden cardiac arrest", This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Specifically, standard anatomical position is when the body is essentially equivalent to what you would see when someone is flat on their back, palms and toes facing forward, and both the arms and legs slightly separated so they are not touching the torso or each other. It is vital to ensure the pads to not come into contact with jewelry as this may cause serious harm to the victim. Can you place an AED pad over an implanted device? }, ] Learning key points regarding quick and accurate AED activation, victim preparation, and AED pad placement lead to more successful rescue outcomes. No, AED electrode pads are single-use and must be replaced after they are used for an emergency or when they expire. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". These pads are placed on the bare chest of a person who is suspected to be suffering from Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA). Anterior posterior or anteroposterior means the "front and back" of the body in this standard anatomical position. } Also, remember that an AED should only be used in cases of a cardiac arrest emergencyand not for a heart attack. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. "@type": "Thing", Electricity isnt just in the wires of a house, automobile, or street light, etc; it is everywhere, even in the human body, where it is the force behind all of our body functions. If this is the case, the rescuer should use an adult AED. Where should aed pads be placed in the anteroposterior placement for adults and 8 years and older. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. "name": "AED Pad Placement Guide", If not already attached to the machine, plug the pads into the AED case after they have been attached to the victims body. 3 Where do you place AED pads on a pacemaker? This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. However, the general rule is to position one pad over the upper right side of the patients chest and the other on the lower left side of the patients chest (or on the left side of the rib cage). The AEDs external function, using electrode pads which are applied externally to the victims chest, makes these medical machines operable by lay persons in any out-of hospital circumstances. If the mother doesnt make it, neither will the fetusunless first-response measures are taken immediately.\nTo use an AED on a pregnant woman, place one pad above her right breast and place the other pad laterally on the left side of her rib cage. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". This creates a pathway through the heart muscle that permits the device to shock the heart into action. There are many resources and opportunities available to gain skill in these life-saving techniques. Bring your AED Pad Placement for Cardiac Arrest Victims with a Pacemaker, If in Doubt, Follow the Instructions Provided for Defibrillator Pad Placement, How does a Taurus man text when he likes you. "headline": "AED Pad Placement Guide", Place one pad on the upper right chest above the breast or on the infant's upper left chest. "https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/m/01q20j&q=Automated+external+defibrillator" Resusctitation Program Materials, Arch Medical Direction and Program ] Copyright 2023 MassInitiative | All rights reserved. If the patient is wet, put them on a dry surface, remove their wet clothing, and get the chest dry before applying the pads. Expiration dates for different AED pads vary by manufacturer. If the AED stops giving direction, continue CPR until the emergency medical services team arrives. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The other pad is placed below the victims left nipple. If the patient revives, place the patient on her left side to increase blood flow to the heart and fetus. In order to continue enjoying our site, we ask that you confirm your identity as a human. Where should AED pads be placed in the anteroposterior placement for adults and children eight years and older? One pad goes on the front chest wall, while a second pad is placed on the upper body in an opposing position, normally the side of the chest, on the left chest wall. For a child, use one hand, depending on the size of the child. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Two pads are made for an AED. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Where should aed pads be placed in the anteroposterior placement for adults. NOTE: In the relatively uncommon event of a child or infant SCA, there may not be a pediatric-equipped AED available. A cardiac arrest occurs when a victim's heart stops beating and blood stops flowing around the body. Required fields are marked *, Privacy Policy The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Adult pads can also be placed front and back on the victim if necessary. This is to adjust for the difficulty in placing both AED pads in a small area. "@type": "Thing", In the last century, since the discovery in the 1930s and 1940s that an electrical shock could restore a normal heart beat, AEDs have become increasingly more sophisticated. "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choking", In an emergency, every second counts as the victims chances of survival dwindle by the minute.
Grosvenor Road Riverside Tennis Court, Advantages And Disadvantages Of Basic Programming Language, Corkscrew Willow Vs Weeping Willow, Liesl Wayne Ferreira, Mathew Prichard Net Worth, Federal Law Enforcement Jobs With No Age Limit, List Of Army Schools Worth Promotion Points, Custom Couple Bracelets, Professional Competence And Due Care Example, Frank Nobilo Ex Wife,
Grosvenor Road Riverside Tennis Court, Advantages And Disadvantages Of Basic Programming Language, Corkscrew Willow Vs Weeping Willow, Liesl Wayne Ferreira, Mathew Prichard Net Worth, Federal Law Enforcement Jobs With No Age Limit, List Of Army Schools Worth Promotion Points, Custom Couple Bracelets, Professional Competence And Due Care Example, Frank Nobilo Ex Wife,